Colours GOLD
23/2/2009 · Kategori: FINANS-JEWELLERY
Gold ornaments differ from each other not just in terms of shape or intended use but also shade or even colour. Colour of gold depends on content and type of other metals composing the alloy as they determine the tint of gold to be white (obtained by alloying gold with nickel and palladium), red and greenish (alloy of gold, silver and copper), rare green and blue gold, numerous alloys of yellow gold.
Dark violet gold alloy, called amethyst gold, is composed of pure gold (78.5%) and aluminium (21.5%) (18 carat alloy). It is as brittle as glass and therefore it is used as an ornament in yellow or white gold ware. So far the alloy of gold and aluminium has not been used and gold of such colour has not been manufactured. The amethyst gold era was ushered in by a German company of Knoedler from Pforzheim. The author of the new technology is Dr. Dreher who developed an appropriate alloy recipe, casting technology and a method of finishing the ready-made jewellery made of amethyst gold. Recently other jeweller’s have shown interest in the manufacturing of such a ware as a response to the present fashion for non-ferrous metals.
Blue gold was first produced in 1980’s in Switzerland by Ludwig Mueller. The manufacturing technology is protected by a patent but it is known that the blue metal is formed by combining gold with iron. First azure gold products were presented in 1994 and one year later they were brought to Poland to be presented at Jewellery Fair in Warsaw. Blue Gold is still a novelty in jeweller’s trade and therefore it is highly demanded by the jewellers. The market is slowly accustomed to the fact that gold does not need to be yellow. Blue gold is considered more an additional ornamental element, similarly to a gemstone. There is no practice to make products of blue gold only. It is composed with yellow or white gold, platinum or diamonds.
More recently there has been a fashion for jewellery made of white metals including white gold. In professional terminology, white gold is referred to as palladium gold or nickel gold as it is palladium or gold which, if added to pure gold, cause discolouration of gold and give it a tint similar to silver or platinum ware. First white gold alloys appeared in the market in 1912. In the interwar period it was usually nickel alloy that was used for goldsmithing purposes while palladium gold was mainly utilized in dentistry for production of crowns. Nowadays, we witness a reverse situation as the goldsmiths are more willing to use palladium gold, the processing of which is much easier as compared to nickel alloys, and similar to yellow gold processing.
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History Of Gold
23/2/2009 · Kategori: FINANS-JEWELLERY
Gold has been known to people for over 6000 years now. The approach of people to gold has been changing over the years and places in the world. In ancient times gold was thought to be the most precious metal in view of its durability and aesthetic values. For many centuries it was used as a legal tender and a perfect material in jeweller’s craft. Currently, in numerous developed countries gold is considered to be an ornament only. However, in Near East and large part of Asia gold jewellery is considered also a good capital investment.
Gold mining was conducted as early as in ancient Egypt however the output was low (approx. 1 t per year). In the times of Roman Empire approx. 5 to 10 t of gold was extracted but in Middle Ages the winning of gold dropped back to around 1 t. An increase in output was reported only in the 15th century as the mining of deposits in Africa (Ghana) started. Later gold was won in America after being conquered by the Spaniards and, from the beginning of the 18th century, also in Russia.
History of gold mining can be divided into two periods. The first one, ending in the middle of 19th century, during which around 10,000 t of gold was extracted, and the other one, which still continues, comprising the period of Californian gold rush started in 1848. Over 90% of the total gold output so far was mined in that period. In parallel to the discoveries of gold deposits in America operation of mines in Australia, South Africa and Canada started.
In view of gold parity introduced for most of convertible currencies the demand for gold started to rise from the beginning of the 19th century. Also the development of new mining technologies allowed to extract deeper deposits. This is why new gold mining locations are searched in the countries such as Indonesia, Brazil, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Uzbekistan and Nicaragua. Present world’s annual production of gold is at the level of approx. 2,300 t. Although it is mined in nearly 60 countries the major producers include only RSA (approx. 550 tpy), USA (approx. 330 tpy), Australia (approx. 240 tpy), Canada (approx. 170 tpy), Russia (approx. 150 tpy) and the countries of Latin America (mainly Brazil), China, Ghana, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.
In the old days, as the gold deposits were scarce, only the richest could afford to buy gold. This changed after the deposits in America and Australia were discovered which resulted in gold being available for virtually anyone. It is then that Italy became the capital of the goldsmithing industry and a power in gold jewellery manufacturing. The trends in gold jewellery changed over the years as frequently as they did in fashion. The goldsmiths continuously observe the world around us and try to capture the changing tastes of customers and create modern and unique collections.
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About Brillant
23/2/2009 · Kategori: FINANS-JEWELLERY
About BRILLIANTINC Jewellery
BRILLIANTINC simulated diamonds are ethically grown in state of the art laboratories under precise conditions. Only the most perfect material is selected and expertly cut to ensure maximum brilliance and fire. BRILLIANTINC diamond simulants are of unsurpassed quality and gemologists have agreed are the finest diamond simulants ever.
BRILLIANTINC is design led and quality focused. All pieces are set by hand by master jeweller craftsmen bringing to life our most beautiful designs.
Given our commitment to quality and value for money we believe BRILLIANTINC simulated diamond jewellery is the best in the marketplace.
Cut
BRILLIANTINC diamond simulants normally exceed G1A accepted “ideal” cutting tolerances. This ensures our stones are among the most stunning diamond simulants in the world.
Colour
When comparing on the G1A accepted diamond colour scale BRILLIANTINC diamond simulants are the equivalent to D or E colour.
Clarity
BRILLIANTINC diamond simulants are internally flawless.
BRILLIANTINC simulated diamonds are set in top quality Sterling Silver, 9k, 14k and 18k solid gold settings expertly crafted by master jeweller craftsmen.
BRILLIANTINC product range is subject to continual evolution mirroring the fashion calendar with new design inspiration sourced worldwide.
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Gold
23/2/2009 · Kategori: FINANS-JEWELLERY
Gold jewellery existed certainly as early as around 3000 BC. It is that period that the oldest discoveries made in the Sumer land date back to. Gold ware found in Egyptian tombs was used as jewellery. One of the most famous jewellers were Cretan goldsmiths and later Etruscan goldsmiths who popularized gold granulation technology. The granulation enables to coat various objects with gold granules. Since then until now Italy has been considered to be the goldsmithing centre. Italian jewellery is sold all over the world. The Italian goldsmiths use more than 400 t of gold ore a year and they export 2/3 of their products. In the beginning of the 1990’s new goldsmithing centres appeared in the world including Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand. Also the jeweller’s industry of Japan is not much behind as it consumes annually approx. 100 t of gold for domestic needs.
Gold as such is soft therefore alloys containing other metals such as silver, zinc, copper, palladium or nickel are used for jewellery products. They not only make gold harder but also change its colour and smoothen the surface. Higher content of gold in a product reduces the risk of allergy of the person wearing the jewellery. The current fashion for coloured gold resulted in increased production of white, amethyst (dark violet) or blue gold jewellery in addition to yellow, red or pink gold jewellery products.
Following the changing fashion and more and more demanding customers’ requirements the jewellery products offered change also to adopt very modern or even avant-garde forms. It is quite frequent now that the, recently fashionable two-colour jewellery is made by combining shining gold with mat metals (silver, platinum or white gold). People continuously expect new jewellery designs while the designers create veritable works of art differing from traditional style to meet those requirements.
Out of the small group of precious metals used for jewellery purposes gold is still the most popular and most frequently used one. Gold as such is soft therefore alloys containing other metals such as silver, zinc, or copper are used for jewellery products not only to make gold harder but also to change its colour and smoothen the surface. White gold is a trade name. White gold alloy is obtained by adding not only copper and silver but also palladium or nickel to gold to produce proper tint (metallic-silver with yellow glow). When you make a decision to buy gold jewellery you must pay attention to gold assay. Gold of 0.585 (14ct) assay is sold most frequently. It is a perfect combination of good quality, colour and price. Gold of richer assays (18ct, 2ct) is unfortunately less durable while that of worse assays (8ct, 10ct) has ugly colour and may cause allergic reactions.
Gold rings
Ring is an ornamental jewellery usually worn around a finger. Rings are available in various models while the selection is so broad that there is something for everyone’s taste. Ring can be a perfect present or a souvenir. It can also make a name-day, birthday, anniversary or a Christmas gift. Sometimes it is a precious family heirloom handed down from generation to generation. For many centuries ring has been the most important object of engagement ceremony. According to family tradition the ring should be placed on the fourth finger of the left hand. The engagement ring is a confirmation of the pledge of a future marriage.
Gold wedding rings
A wedding ring, similar to other rings, is also worn on a finger. A wedding ring is a confirmation of entering the state of matrimony and the marriage vows made by the spouses. On the wedding day the spouses put the wedding rings on each other’s third finger of the right hand (Poland, Germany) or the left hand (other countries). While a ring does not need to be a symbol of anything (being just a gift), the wedding ring is unambiguously a proof of a union with another person.
Gold jewellery with brilliants
Brilliants perfectly complete the gold jewellery and provide additional shine. They are usually set in rings but more and more often they are also placed in wedding rings. Brilliant (a cut diamond) is the hardest mineral on Earth so if you decide to have a brilliant in our jewellery it will stay with you forever. There are four characteristics which determine the value and quality of brilliants (called “The 4 Cs”): clarity, carat (weight), colour and cut.
Jewellery size
Not just the aesthetic values but, most of all, proper selection of the size should be taken into account. Even the most beautiful and valuable ring will not do any good if it is hidden in a drawer instead of being worn on a finger. Unfortunately, there are many tables and templates in the market. There are no approved ring sizers or a uniform numbering system. Size “twelve” at jeweller’s shop X may turn out to be size „fourteen” at jeweller’s Y.
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six axis robot design
10/2/2009 ·
The phrase “less is more” might not immediately spark thoughts of automated machinery and six-axis robots, but these three little words are the basis for a best practice robotic engineers and integrators can and should apply.
The less-is-more approach centers on designing cable-management systems for six-axis robots — including cables, hose, tubing, carrier, and connectors — in three separate segments.
This differs from the current industry practice of using long, single-piece cables and hoses rigidly attached to the end-of-arm tooling. Smaller cable sections provide the same power, flexibility, and safety, but do a much better job of avoiding cable damage.
Cable management is in the limelight because machine reliability has increased dramatically in recent years even though robots have grown more complex. But the methods used to attach and guide cables have not followed suit. Since the 1960s, cable management on robots has not changed significantly. In fact, it is often altogether overlooked — perhaps because managing cables and hoses seems simple. In reality, it is a vital feature of any well-functioning robot.
Most experts agree one of the top blunders designers make is underestimating cable-management issues. For instance, during a recent conference hosted by the Robotic Industries Assn., a group of leading system integrators cited cable issues as the number one reason for downtime in robotics cells. Headaches range from tangled and corkscrewed cables to complete breaks that cause downtime, lost revenue, and damaged reputations.
Long-life cables
In addition to the appropriate dress pack, it is imperative that six-axis robots use dynamic cables specifically designed for continuous flexing. Two important features to take into account are a cable’s torsion-resistance and shielding. Shielded cables face a greater risk of failure, as constant movements can easily compromise the cable jacket. Use unshielded, high-flex cables whenever possible to avoid problems. If this is not plausible, turn to special “rolling-flex” cables.
New thinking
Current systems try to keep the cables static, while everything operating around them is dynamic. In essence, using one, long restrictive-cable package prevents movement in sync with the robot. Restrictions stress cables, and that accelerates failure. Often, technicians severely bind cables with excessive dress packs (protective coverings on cables and hose), cable ties, and even duct tape. The goal might be to minimize tangling and interference with the machine, but it can actually cause corkscrewing and failure.
Instead, engineers need to consider a six-axis robot as three separate segments: the sixth to third axis; the third to second axis; and the second to first axis. This breakdown is imperative to longer-lasting cables. Each cable segment should feature a minimal dress pack, strain relief with service loops, and a junction box that contains and protects the electrical connectors joining the cables. Follow these recommendations for best results.
From the sixth to third axis:
1. Use strain-relief cables (see “Long-life cables”) on the moving end (sixth axis) with a 1 to 2-ft service loop.
2. Protect cables and hoses with a modular, multiaxis cable carrier.
3. Segment cables at the third axis and install a junction box for quick diagnostics and cable replacement.
From the third to second axis:
1. Use strain-relief cables on the third axis with a 1 to 2-ft service loop.
2. Use a modular, multiaxis cable carrier.
3. Segment cables and install a junction box at the second axis.
Finally, from second to first axis:
1. Strain-relief cables on the second axis with a 1 to 2-ft service loop.
2. Install a multiaxis, reverse-bend cable carrier to protect and guide cables and hoses rotating around the robot.
3. Segment cables and install a junction box at the first axis.
Segmenting the dress pack into three shorter sections prevents it from wrapping, catching, or snagging on machines, and minimizes stress on cables and hoses. This approach applies to any six-axis robot, regardless of manufacturer or application. While other fixes such as duct tape and ties wraps might cost less and work temporarily, in the long run properly designed dress packs reduce unnecessary downtime and maintenance costs.
Additional tips
Another step that should extend cable life is to allow sufficient clearance inside the carrier for electrical cables, pneumatic hoses, and tubing for other media. This compensates for relative forces between cables and hoses. Carrier suppliers typically provide this data. For instance, general rules of thumb for an igus Triflex R carrier are:
1. Total cable and hose diameters must not exceed 60% of the carrier diameter.
2. Leave at least 10% clearance between any two cables and hoses.
3. Cables and hoses need to move freely inside the carrier.
Safety is also a major concern within robotics cells. With the less-is-more approach, designers can let cables and hoses move freely, but not to the point where they could potentially injure workers.
As six-axis robots evolve, cable-management systems need to develop along with them. Designers should consider the less-is-more approach for every robotic application, as it eliminates cable damage, expensive maintenance, and downtime. Of course, a number of other elements, including the robot’s function, space constraints, and budget also play a role. But for any combination, there is a suitable less-is-more approach that keeps vital cables away from harm’s way while letting them mimic the fluid movements of a six-axis robot. md
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sensor magnetic
10/2/2009 ·
Magnetic-Inductive Sensors Deliver Robust, Reliable Detection of Weld Nuts in Harsh Automotive Environments
Minneapolis, Minn. - TURCK introduces magnetic-inductive sensors for efficient and economic detection of weld nuts. These innovative sensors use signal attenuation to reliably detect ferromagnetic components such as nuts, bushings and spacer sleeves and ensure these necessary components are present before robotic welding occurs – with no additional software or electronics required. TURCK’s weld nut sensors are easily integrated into existing production lines, replacing traditional location bolts and providing an exceptional solution for sheet metal processing in chassis construction.
These sensors deliver a cost-effective alternative to more expensive optical or vision-based systems, which can often malfunction due to residue, such as dirt and weld-splatter, and frequently changing lighting conditions in welding zones. The TURCK weld nut sensor can be mechanically protected with a customer-supplied stainless steel sleeve, which also acts as a guide to keep the weld nut in place.
Weld nut sensors are easily programmed to differentiate between the nut and the sheet metal on which it is located, by using a teach adapter or by simply shorting the leads.
“TURCK’s weld nut sensor provides smooth, reject-free production runs by cost-effectively detecting nuts and spacer sleeves using bright LEDs to indicate any missed welding positions, which are immediately displayed on the control unit,” said Brian Tarbox, TURCK product manager. “Once the sensor confirms that all weld nuts are properly placed, the welding robots are signaled to begin welding the nuts on to the sheet metal.” Tarbox adds, “This robust design provides greater process reliability at a lower cost than optical or vision-based systems – and the sensor’s rugged construction delivers the dependable performance required in harsh automotive production environments.”
Weld nut sensors are available in two versions offering different signal intensities and diameters to adapt to a wide variety of operating environments and material characteristics. The sensors also feature a rugged IP67 chromeplated brass housing that protects internal components from harsh welding zone conditions. Plus, the sensors offer temperature compensation to withstand the thermal changes common in welding environments.
TURCK weld nut sensors facilitate continuous control of supply parts such as spacer sleeves and weld nuts, which are commonly used to assemble vehicle elements such as frames, U-shaped carriers and fuel tanks. The sensors’ affordable, accurate operation provides the robust production line monitoring required for error-free sheet metal processing in automotive applications.
In addition, several features of the weld nut sensor make it particularly simple to set-up and use:
* Reliably detects weld nuts, sleeves and other steel components used in vehicle component assembly
* Pairs with a customer-provided stainless steel sleeve to provide the sensor with additional mechanical protection
* Features simplified programming and an easy-to-use teach function to easily adapt to existing production lines
* Provides an economic and process safe alternative to optical-based systems
* Immediately signals missing components to prevent production of rejects for smooth, error-free operations
* Features rugged IP67 chrome-plated brass body to withstand harsh automotive environments
* Offers temperature compensation to withstand thermal changes in welding zones
* Requires no additional software or electronics
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plc programming
10/2/2009 ·
The Three Top Reasons Why RLL — Ladder Logic — Remains the Control Language of Choice of PLC Users Worldwide Are – It’s Easy to Learn, Robust to Use and Offers Transparency Across Platforms
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By Dave Harrold
Dick Morley, the “father” of the PLC explained in a recent exclusive interview, “Our design philosophy was simple; put a bunch of relays in a box!”
At the time, Morley was working at Bedford Associates, and because this was the 84th Bedford Associates project, the first Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) was dubbed “084.” Eventually the team named its invention the MOdular DIgital CONtroller—Modicon for short—and the rest is a well-documented history of the PLC.
The PLC was born in the early years of microprocessor development, when all sorts of software development languages were emerging, so the question occurs: “Why choose Relay Ladder Logic (RLL) as the programming language for the PLC?”
A Language for All Seasons
To that question Morley is quick to reply, “Technology doesn’t count. It’s what you do with the technology that counts. Because our philosophy was to put a bunch of relays in a box, we felt that ‘our box’ was more likely to secure user acceptance if it ‘felt’ more like what plant-floor users already had accepted and understood, and that was RLL. You see, at the time we created the PLC, we viewed, and still do, that PLC users are really the plant floor electricians and instrument technicians. Since these folks rely almost exclusively on RLL schematics to do their troubleshooting, it made sense then, and it makes sense now, that we provide them access to technology in a way that they are already comfortable using, and that is RLL.
Obviously, the decision of Morley and his buddies working on project 084 was the correct choice because, despite the existence of the programming standard IEC 61131-3 and its inclusion of Sequential Function Chart language and four interoperable programming languages (Instruction List, Ladder Diagram, Function Block Diagram and Structured Text), RLL remains the programming language of choice among users and integrators worldwide for most PLC applications.
Worldwide Acceptance
The original creator of RLL schematics is lost forever in the chronicles of history, but we do know that during the 19th Century’s Industrial Revolution, ladder logic schematics became the preferred graphical illustration method for a wide variety of electrical control systems. Today RLL schematics are found glued to the back of your dishwasher and clothes dryer, included in your refrigerator and garage door opener user manuals, and tucked into panels throughout processing and manufacturing plants worldwide.
Why? Because a recent discussion about RLL’s popularity on the plctalk.net forum produced similar responses from Bob in Australia, Cameltoe in Tonga, Nathan in Korea, Thomas in U.S. and Sergei in Canada. Each said in their own way that RLL enjoys worldwide acceptance because it’s an intuitive, graphical means of depicting both simple and complex control logic.
Jean Pierre Vandecandelaere, a trainer with VDAB Competentie Centrum in Belgium, explains that, “I teach seven different brands of PLC, and the elements of relay ladder logic schematics differs very little from brand to brand.”
Mark Muhaw, an automation engineer with Ind-Concepts (http://plctrainer.net/) in South Carolina, provides another legitimate perspective about RLL’s universal appeal, “My clients expect me to turn over PLC implementations that don’t require them to contact me for on-going support. If they ever do need my support, I find that RLL makes it much easier for me to get myself back-up-to-speed on a particular implementation months or even years later.”
So there you have them. The three top reasons why relay ladder logic remains the control language of choice of PLC users worldwide: it’s easy to learn; robust to use; and is transparent across a huge number of platforms.
Ladder Logic Schematic
Figure 1. A typical relay ladder logic schematic for starting and stopping a motor.
Easy to Learn
RLL is simple. Relay ladder logic functions are illustrated with two vertical rails connected by several horizontal rungs, thus the name “ladder logic.” Typically, the two vertical rail are powered such that together they represent an electrical circuit. As with any electrical circuit, each rung must include some sort of electrical load (i.e., relay coil, indicator lamp, etc.) On/off control of each rung is achieved through one or more sets of contacts (i.e., relay contacts, pushbuttons, etc.) In a ladder logic circuit, normally open (NO) contacts are type-A contacts, and normally closed (NC) contacts are type-B contacts. Connecting multiple contacts in series where all contacts must be closed in order to complete the circuit forms an “AND” function. Connecting multiple contacts in parallel provides a means of completing the circuit when any one of the contacts closes, thus forming a logical “OR” function. Relay coils, whether real or a “virtual” device mimicked by the PLCs internal software, control one or more sets of contacts. When a relay coil is energized or “picked up,” its NO contacts close, and its NC contacts open. Conversely, when the coil is de-energized or “dropped out,” its contacts return to their normal (shelf) state (Figure 1).
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tube benders
10/2/2009 ·
The phrase “less is more” might not immediately spark thoughts of automated machinery and six-axis robots, but these three little words are the basis for a best practice robotic engineers and integrators can and should apply.
The less-is-more approach centers on designing cable-management systems for six-axis robots — including cables, hose, tubing, carrier, and connectors — in three separate segments.
This differs from the current industry practice of using long, single-piece cables and hoses rigidly attached to the end-of-arm tooling. Smaller cable sections provide the same power, flexibility, and safety, but do a much better job of avoiding cable damage.
Cable management is in the limelight because machine reliability has increased dramatically in recent years even though robots have grown more complex. But the methods used to attach and guide cables have not followed suit. Since the 1960s, cable management on robots has not changed significantly. In fact, it is often altogether overlooked — perhaps because managing cables and hoses seems simple. In reality, it is a vital feature of any well-functioning robot.
Most experts agree one of the top blunders designers make is underestimating cable-management issues. For instance, during a recent conference hosted by the Robotic Industries Assn., a group of leading system integrators cited cable issues as the number one reason for downtime in robotics cells. Headaches range from tangled and corkscrewed cables to complete breaks that cause downtime, lost revenue, and damaged reputations.
Long-life cables
In addition to the appropriate dress pack, it is imperative that six-axis robots use dynamic cables specifically designed for continuous flexing. Two important features to take into account are a cable’s torsion-resistance and shielding. Shielded cables face a greater risk of failure, as constant movements can easily compromise the cable jacket. Use unshielded, high-flex cables whenever possible to avoid problems. If this is not plausible, turn to special “rolling-flex” cables.
New thinking
Current systems try to keep the cables static, while everything operating around them is dynamic. In essence, using one, long restrictive-cable package prevents movement in sync with the robot. Restrictions stress cables, and that accelerates failure. Often, technicians severely bind cables with excessive dress packs (protective coverings on cables and hose), cable ties, and even duct tape. The goal might be to minimize tangling and interference with the machine, but it can actually cause corkscrewing and failure.
Instead, engineers need to consider a six-axis robot as three separate segments: the sixth to third axis; the third to second axis; and the second to first axis. This breakdown is imperative to longer-lasting cables. Each cable segment should feature a minimal dress pack, strain relief with service loops, and a junction box that contains and protects the electrical connectors joining the cables. Follow these recommendations for best results.
From the sixth to third axis:
- Use strain-relief cables (see “Long-life cables”) on the moving end (sixth axis) with a 1 to 2-ft service loop.
- Protect cables and hoses with a modular, multiaxis cable carrier.
- Segment cables at the third axis and install a junction box for quick diagnostics and cable replacement.
From the third to second axis:
- Use strain-relief cables on the third axis with a 1 to 2-ft service loop.
- Use a modular, multiaxis cable carrier.
- Segment cables and install a junction box at the second axis.
Finally, from second to first axis:
- Strain-relief cables on the second axis with a 1 to 2-ft service loop.
- Install a multiaxis, reverse-bend cable carrier to protect and guide cables and hoses rotating around the robot.
- Segment cables and install a junction box at the first axis.
Segmenting the dress pack into three shorter sections prevents it from wrapping, catching, or snagging on machines, and minimizes stress on cables and hoses. This approach applies to any six-axis robot, regardless of manufacturer or application. While other fixes such as duct tape and ties wraps might cost less and work temporarily, in the long run properly designed dress packs reduce unnecessary downtime and maintenance costs.
Additional tips
Another step that should extend cable life is to allow sufficient clearance inside the carrier for electrical cables, pneumatic hoses, and tubing for other media. This compensates for relative forces between cables and hoses. Carrier suppliers typically provide this data. For instance, general rules of thumb for an igus Triflex R carrier are:
- Total cable and hose diameters must not exceed 60% of the carrier diameter.
- Leave at least 10% clearance between any two cables and hoses.
- Cables and hoses need to move freely inside the carrier.
Safety is also a major concern within robotics cells. With the less-is-more approach, designers can let cables and hoses move freely, but not to the point where they could potentially injure workers.
As six-axis robots evolve, cable-management systems need to develop along with them. Designers should consider the less-is-more approach for every robotic application, as it eliminates cable damage, expensive maintenance, and downtime. Of course, a number of other elements, including the robot’s function, space constraints, and budget also play a role. But for any combination, there is a suitable less-is-more approach that keeps vital cables away from harm’s way while letting them mimic the fluid movements of a six-axis robot. md
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Industrıal automation equipment
10/2/2009 ·
ATTENTION: The electromagnetic compatibility and product safety requirements for European Product Standards for CE Marking are identified below. D.L.S. offers a single location for all CE certification requirements and will walk you through the declaration process. BE AWARE: CE marking for most industrial equipment involves three main aspects: 1. Electromagnetic Compatibility--Immunity 2004/108/EC. Products must continue to operate while being acted upon by unwanted electromagnetic energy, generated in various modes, including Electrostatic Discharge, Radiated Electric Fields, Electrical Fast Transients, Lightning Surge, Conducted Immunity, Magnetic Field Immunity, and Voltage Interruption. 2. Electromagnetic Compatibility--Emissions 2004/108/EC. Products must not emit electromagnetic energy from cables, enclosures, apertures, displays, windows, vents or peripherals higher than the Class A/B emission limits. Testing parameters require measurements for emissions from 150 kHz up to 1 GHz. 3. Product Safety--Low Voltage Directive 2006/95/EC. Products must be safe from electric shock while the product is operating; it must also minimize risk of fire during all modes of operation and storage. Other measures include protection from excessive temperature, radiation, liberated gases, explosion and implosion. This directive pertains to all electrical and electronic based devices or equipment with input or out put voltages up to 1000 volts AC and 1500 volts DC. This requirement includes all accessories as well. | |||
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TAKE ACTION: Speed counts when taking your products to market. D.L.S. is one of the few testing and certification organizations that can perform all the necessary tests required for the CE mark, as well as offer design assistance, troubleshooting, and problem solving from a certified NARTE engineering staff. Prompt efficient service from the D.L.S. experienced testing and compliance team allows a rapid and seamless transition to the marketplace with your compliant product in just a few days. REST ASSURED: CE Marking is required for the European Market. Newer, more stringent requirements make your compliance partner choice more important than ever. Meeting these requirements will ensure compliance with laws that mandate the CE Mark for Europe, and combined with D.L.S. test reports, complete your Declaration of Conformity process. With D.L.S., experience, speed, and technology are all on your side. Hundreds of companies have utilized D.L.S. for their CE Mark requirements. Don't d | |||
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kyc compliance
10/2/2009 ·
Know Your Customer (KYC) compliance regulation has proved to be one of the biggest operational challenges banks, accountants, lawyers and similar financial service providers worldwide have had to overcome.
World-Check, the industry standard KYC compliance solution, provides an overview of KYC compliance and its origins, and outlines the compliance mandate as applicable to banks, accounting firms, lawyers and other regulated financial service providers – not just in the UK, Europe and the USA, but all around the world. Relied upon by more than 3,000 institutions worldwide, this KYC database solution provides effective legal and reputational risk reduction.
Why “Know Your Customer?”
The 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre revealed that there were sinister forces at work around the world, and that terrorists activities were being funded with laundered money, the proceeds of illicit activities such as narcotics and human trafficking, fraud and organised crime. Overnight, the combating of terrorist financing became a priority on the international agenda.
For the financial services provider of the 21st century, “knowing your customers” was no longer a suggested course of action. Based on the requirements of legislative landmarks such as the USA PATRIOT Act 2002, modern Know Your Customer (KYC) compliance mandates were created to simultaneously combat money laundering and the funding of terrorist activities.
What is Know Your Customer (KYC)?
Know Your Customer, or KYC, refers to the regulatory compliance mandate imposed on financial service providers to implement a Customer Identification Programme and perform due diligence checks before doing business with a person or entity.
KYC fulfils a risk mitigation function, and one its key requirements is checking that a prospective customer is not listed on any government lists for wanted money launders, known fraudsters or terrorists.
If preliminary KYC checks reveal that the person is a Politically Exposed Person (PEP), for example, Advanced Due Diligence must be done in order to ensure that the person’s source of wealth is transparent, and that he or she does not pose a reputational or financial risk in terms of their finances, public positions or associations. Beyond customer identification checks, the ongoing monitoring of transfers and financial transactions against a range of risk variables forms an integral part of the KYC compliance mandate.
But to understand the importance of KYC compliance for financial service providers better, its origins need to be examined.
Origins of Know Your Customer (KYC) compliance
The arrival of the new millennium was marred by a spate of terrorist attacks and corporate scandals that unmasked the darker features of globalisation. These events highlighted the role of money laundering in cross-border crime and terrorism, and underlined the need to clamp down on the exploitation of financial systems worldwide.
Know Your Customer (KYC) legislation was principally not absent prior to 9/11. Regulated financial service providers for a long time have been required to conduct due diligence and customer identification checks in order to mitigate their own operation risks, and to ensure a consistent and acceptable level of service.
In essence, the USA PATRIOT Act was not so much a radical departure from prior legislation as it was a firmer and more extensive articulation of existing laws. The Act would lead to the more rigorous regulation of a greater range of financial services providers, and expanded the authority of American law enforcement agencies in the fighting of terrorism, both in the USA and abroad.
In October 2001, President George W. Bush signed off the USA PATRIOT Act, effectively providing federal regulators with a new range of tools and powers for fighting terror financing and money laundering. During July 2002, the US Treasury proceeded to introduce Section 326 of the PATRIOT Act, a clause that removed some key burdens for regulators and added significant enforcement muscle to the Act.
What 9/11 changed, in essence, was the extent to which existing legislation was being implemented. Using the provisions of the earlier anti-terrorism USA Act as a foundation, it included the Financial Anti-Terrorism Act, which allowed for federal jurisdiction over foreign money launders and money laundered through foreign banks. Significantly, it is this anti-terror law that would make the creation of an Anti Money Laundering (AML) programme compulsory for all financial institutions and service providers.
Section 326 of the USA PATRIOT Act dealt specifically with the identification of new customers (“CIP regulation”), and made extensive provisions in terms of KYC and the methods employed to verify client identities.
In accordance with this piece of updated KYC legislation, federal regulators would hold financial institutions accountable for the effectiveness of their initial customer identification and ongoing KYC screening. Institutions are required to keep detailed records of the steps that were taken to verify prospective clients’ identities.
Although current KYC legislation does not yet demand the exclusion of specific types of foreign-issued identification, it recommends the usage of machine-verifiable identity documents. The ability to notify financial institutions if concerns regarding specific types of identification were to arise, combined with a risk-based approach to KYC, proved to provide a robust mechanism for addressing security concerns.
Effectively, the risk-based approach to customer due diligence grants regulated institutions a certain degree of flexibility to determine the forms of identification they will accept, and under which conditions.
KYC compliance: Implications for banks, lawyers and accounting firms
The KYC compliance mandate, for all its positive outcomes, has burdened companies and organisations with a substantial administrative obligation. Additionally, KYC compliance increasingly entails the creation of auditable proof of due diligence activities, in addition to the need for customer identification.
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